Diabetes
Also known as: DM, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic, Diabetes mellitus - non insulin dependent
Methodology & AI Transparency ⓘ
Diabetes Key Takeaways
Translated by Sarah Jenkins (AI RN Plain-English Translator) at a 7th-grade reading level
- 1 What it does: What is diabetes? Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a disease in which your blood glucose , or blood sugar, levels are too high.
- 2 Real-world patient consensus: Diagnostic registry E11.9: Diabetes is managed within Diabetes & Glucose (aka DM).
- 3 Typical cash cost range: Primary evaluation for Diabetes incorporates fasting insulin/C-peptide quantification [Diabetes E11.9] and symptom diary review.
- 4 Top reported side effects / signs: Objective lab/clinical target for Diabetes: Fasting Plasma Glucose [Diabetes E11.9] (75 – 95 mg/dL (E11.9)) and Fasting Insulin [Diabetes E11.9].
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What Is Diabetes?
What is diabetes? Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a disease in which your blood glucose , or blood sugar, levels are too high. Glucose is your body's main source of energy. Your body can make glucose, but it also comes from the food you eat. Insulin is a hormone made by your pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells, where it can be used for energy. If you have diabetes, your body can't make insulin, can't use insulin as well as it should, or both. Too much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells. This can cause glucose levels to get too high.
Pathophysiology, Underlying Causes & Clinical Presentation
At the cellular and tissue level in diabetes & glucose, Diabetes (E11.9) involves advanced glycation end-product in Diabetes (E11.9: microvascular injury). Cross-referenced with NIH MeSH (Diabetes Mellitus), progression correlates with shifts in Fasting Plasma Glucose [Diabetes E11.9] (75 – 95 mg/dL (E11.9)).
Common Symptoms & Clinical Signs
- • Researchers think type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and factors in the environment that might trigger the disease
- • Researchers think gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with genetic and lifestyle factors
- • Presentation of Diabetes (E11.9): elevated fasting blood in Diabetes (E11.9: glucose or post-meal)
- • Secondary Diabetes clinical sign: increased thirst [Diabetes E11.9]
Primary Federal Reference: NIH / National Library of Medicine MedlinePlus Entry ↗
Diabetes Diagnostic Classification & Lab Markers
| Metric | Verified Benchmark | Source |
|---|---|---|
| ICD-10-CM Diagnostic Code | E11.9 | WHO / CMS ICD-10-CM Clinical Classification |
| Clinical Specialty Hub | Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes | NIH MedlinePlus Health Topics |
| Diagnostic / Lab Marker: Fasting Plasma Glucose [Diabetes E11.9] | 75 – 95 mg/dL (E11.9) | Clinical Reference Target Range |
| Diagnostic / Lab Marker: Fasting Insulin [Diabetes E11.9] | 3.0 – 7.0 uIU/mL (E11.9) | Clinical Reference Target Range |
| Diagnostic / Lab Marker: CGM Time-in-Range (70–140 in Diabetes (E11.9: mg/dL)) | > 85% (E11.9) | Clinical Reference Target Range |
FDA-Monographed Medications & Public Cash Price Reference for Diabetes
Treatment selection for Diabetes depends on clinical severity, diagnostic lab results, and medical history. Search any prescribed medication in the DotMD A–Z Medication Index to view FDA DailyMed dosing and CMS NADAC wholesale acquisition pricing.
Peer-Reviewed Human Clinical Trials & Meta-Analyses (Diabetes)
| Study & Plain-English Finding | Sample (N) | Rigor | Primary Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| New Insights on Benefits and safety of empagliflozin as add-on to metformin for type 2: What a 4,256-Participant Study Found EMPA as add-on to MET was well tolerated and provided additional benefits beyond glucose lowering, such as weight loss and blood pressure reduction. European journal of clinical pharmacology • 2016-06-15 • Meta-Analysis | N = 4,256 | 99/100 | PMID 26832915 ↗ |
| New Insights on Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on All-cause Mortality and: What a 21,135-Participant Study Found GLP1RA therapy when compared to placebo reduced all-cause mortality in high heart and blood vessel risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Current diabetes reviews • 2018-01-15 • Meta-Analysis | N = 21,135 | 99/100 | PMID 28413990 ↗ |
| New Insights on Is metformin still the most efficacious first-line oral hypoglycaemic drug in: What a 33,830-Participant Study Found This meta-analysis showed that repaglinide and metformin would be the most efficacious oral drugs for first-line single-drug treatment of T2DM. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity • 2019-01-15 • Meta-Analysis | N = 33,830 | 99/100 | PMID 30230172 ↗ |
| New Insights on Heart and blood vessel outcomes of liraglutide in patients with type 2: What a 14,608-Participant Study Found Our results suggest that liraglutide treatment decreases the risk of MACE, AMI, all-cause death and heart and blood vessel death among patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine • 2019-11-15 • Meta-Analysis | N = 14,608 | 99/100 | PMID 31725627 ↗ |
| New Insights on Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes treated with: What a 3,152-Participant Study Found Treatment of type 2 diabetes with once-daily dapagliflozin 5 or 10mg is accompanied by a slightly increased risk of urinary tract infection. Journal of diabetes and its complications • 2013-01-15 • Meta-Analysis | N = 3,152 | 99/100 | PMID 23849632 ↗ |
Diabetes Patient Community & “People Like Me” Threads
Filter Diabetes community threads and patient logs by age, biological sex, dosage, and treatment duration.