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★ Breakthrough Medical Research • 15 Landmark Multi-Trial Guides • 6,255 Indexed Studies

Longevity, Cellular Aging, Vaccines & Preventive Medicine — Clinical Trial Breakdowns & PubMed Evidence

Long-term human survival cohorts and Phase 3 prevention trials covering UKPDS 34 / TAME Metformin AMPK longevity pathways, muscle protein synthesis across eight decades of life, and adult vaccine coadministration trials. Explore 811 indexed studies and multi-trial syntheses with verified PubMed PMIDs, participant sample sizes (N), and Absolute vs. Relative Risk numbers.

★ #1 Lead Breakthrough Study • NEJM SURMOUNT-1 (176 Weeks) N = 1,032 Adults • p < 0.001

Once-Weekly Tirzepatide Cuts Type 2 Diabetes Progression by 94% Over 3 Years—With a 22.9% Sustained Weight Reduction

The Plain-English Receipt: Only 1.2% of prediabetic adults on Tirzepatide progressed to Type 2 diabetes over 3.4 years vs. 19.3% on placebo (Absolute Risk Reduction = 18.1% • Number Needed to Treat = 6).

Read the Full Breakthrough Breakdown → Jump to All 15 Landmark Breakthroughs ↓
Two biomedical scientists in white lab coats inside a sunlit medical research laboratory pipetting clinical assay samples and reviewing trial results
Inside the Clinical Evidence Lab: Our research desk audits 6,255 human trials from NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, and NCBI PubMed—reporting true Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) and sample sizes (N) without pharma spin.
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1. Major Clinical Breakthroughs & Deep-Dive Study Breakdowns (1 Guides)

Longevity, Aging & Prevention: Landmark Study Breakdowns

Plain-English breakdowns of the most important human trials—showing actual benefit percentages (ARR/NNT), dosing rules, and who should be careful.

UKPDS 34 (10.7-Yr RCT) & Bannister Cohort N = 180,000+ Cohort + 1,704 RCT Patients

Metformin (Glucophage & Glycomet) Longevity & Heart Research: What UKPDS, TAME, and Exercise Trials Actually Show

Bottom-Line Trial Result: All-Cause Mortality: RRR 36% (p = 0.011) • Myocardial Infarction: RRR 39% (p = 0.010) • DPP-4 VO2max Attenuation Caveat

A clinical synthesis of the 10.7-year UKPDS 34 cardiovascular mortality trial (PMID: 9742977), the TAME geroprotective protocol (Barzilai et al., PMID: 27304507), and the older-adult exercise blunting trial (Konopka et al., PMID: 30548390)—separating proven diabetic survival gains from healthy-person anti-aging hype.

Rx: Metformin ER Condition: Type 2 Diabetes
8 Min Read • ~1,200 Words Read Study Guide →
3. All Indexed Clinical Studies (811)

Longevity, Aging & Prevention — Clinical Trials & Study Reports (811)

Page 1 of 28 • Sorted by Participant Sample Size (N)
Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review N = 13,434

Six Decades of Pelvic Exenterative Surgery for Gynaecological Malignancies: A Meta-analysis of Indications and Surgical Outcomes in 13,434 Cases Across 29 Countries (N = 13,434)

PE carries substantial morbidity, while perioperative mortality was approximately 5% overall and 3.7% in post-2005 studies. Given substantial heterogeneity, pooled estimates should be interpreted as broad descriptive summaries rather than universal benchmarks.

In vivo (Athens, Greece) • 2026-01-15 Read Study
Randomized Controlled Trial N = 2,047

Retatrutide in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes (TRIUMPH-2): a double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Between July 11, 2023, and Nov 1, 2024, 2047 participants were screened, and 1152 (mean age 55&#xb7;1 years [SD 10&#xb7;8], 554 [48%] females and 598 [52%] males, and 672 [58%] of White ethnicity) were randomly assigned to retatrutide 4 mg (n=292), 9 mg (n=284), or 12 mg (n=287),

Lancet • 2026-11-06 Read Study
Randomized Controlled Trial N = 1,258

Perioperative durvalumab plus fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel for resectable gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (MATTERHORN): final results of overall survival and event-free survival by pathological response in a global, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 3 trial.

From Nov 17, 2020, to Sept 2, 2022, 1258 participants were enrolled and 948 were randomly assigned; 474 were randomly assigned to durvalumab and 474 to placebo.

Lancet • 2026-11-07 Read Study
Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review N = 1,251

The Effects of Mind-Body Exercise on Cognitive Function and Peripheral Blood BDNF in Elderly People With Mild Cognitive Impairment (N = 1,251)

Mind-body exercise is beneficial for improving global cognitive function, verbal fluency, executive function, episodic memory, and short-term memory in older adults with MCI; however, evidence remains insufficient regarding its effects on processing speed and attention and peripheral blood BDNF levels.

Geriatrics & gerontology international • 2026-10-24 Read Study
Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review N = 851

Meta-Analysis: Effectiveness of home-based exercise interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness and cancer treatment-related cardiovascular toxicity in cancer survivors exposed to cardiotoxic therapies (N = 851)

While HBE improved cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2 peak) and mitigated functional decline in cancer survivors, its ability to prevent CTR-CVT was unproven.

Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer • 2026-11-03 Read Study
Randomized Controlled Trial N = 755

Randomized Controlled Trial: Cost-effectiveness of atosiban versus placebo for threatened preterm birth (APOSTEL 8 trial) (N = 755)

This economic evaluation did not demonstrate that atosiban is a cost-effective treatment for threatened PTB from 30+0 to 33+6 weeks gestation. In addition to the absence of clinical benefit, our findings show no economic advantage, further discouraging its routine use at this gestational age.

PloS one • 2026-01-15 Read Study
4. Quick Guide • Never Get Fooled by a Headline Again

How to Read a Clinical Study in 30 Seconds

Read FDA Bioequivalence Guide →
1. Relative Risk (RRR) vs. Absolute Risk (ARR)

If a drug drops heart attack risk from 2.0% to 1.0%, headlines scream “50% Relative Risk Reduction!” The real Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) is 1.0%—meaning 100 people must take the drug (NNT = 100) to prevent 1 event.

2. Double-Blind RCT vs. Observational Association

Food questionnaires and observational cohorts can only show correlation (often confounded by wealth or exercise). Only a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) can prove that a drug or supplement actually caused the outcome.

3. Statistical p-Value vs. Clinical Meaning

In a massive 10,000-person trial, a blood pressure drop of 0.8 mmHg can achieve p < 0.05 (statistically significant) while having zero meaningful benefit in your daily life. Always look at the actual effect size.

4. Surrogate Lab Markers vs. Hard Outcomes

Raising HDL cholesterol or tweaking a single lab biomarker does not automatically prevent strokes or extend lifespan. Prioritize trials that measure hard patient outcomes (survival, remission, sleep latency, or GI tolerability).

Evidence Methodology, PubMed Verification & YMYL Standards

Frequently Asked Questions About dotMD Clinical Trial Breakdowns

Why does dotMD report both Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) and Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) on clinical trials?

Traditional health headlines often exaggerate findings by reporting only Relative Risk Reduction—for example, claiming a drug cuts risk by 50% when the event rate dropped from 2% to 1% (an Absolute Risk Reduction of just 1.0 percentage point, meaning 100 patients must take the drug for 1 person to benefit, or NNT = 100). On dotMD, every flagship study breakdown reports both Relative Risk and Absolute Risk alongside the exact sample size (N) and trial duration.

How does dotMD separate human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from animal or observational studies?

Every study on dotMD displays its exact Study Design Tier at the top of the card (Phase 3 Randomized Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review, Multi-Trial Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Journal Watch Cohort, or FDA Safety Alert) along with the human participant count (N). Preclinical mouse or cell-culture data is never presented as human clinical proof.

Why did dotMD replace synthetic "Study Rigor Scores" with primary PubMed PMIDs and trial metadata?

Arbitrary 0-to-100 rigor scores obscure what actually makes a study trustworthy. Instead of synthetic scores, dotMD surfaces the verifiable primary evidence signals: exact NCBI PubMed IDs (PMID), ClinicalTrials.gov registration numbers (NCT), double-blind vs. crossover design, sample size (N), p-values / Hazard Ratios, and study limitations.

How do dotMD Research Breakdowns connect to Conditions, Medications, Supplements, and Specialist Doctors?

Medical research is only useful if you can act on it safely with your clinician. Every flagship research synthesis links directly to the parent Condition diagnostic cutoff guide, the Medication FDA DailyMed & CMS NADAC wholesale price ledger, the Supplement elemental weight decoder, and our High-CPT-Volume Specialist Directory.