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★ Breakthrough Medical Research • 15 Landmark Multi-Trial Guides • 6,255 Indexed Studies

Supplements, Bioavailability, Vitamin D3 & Micronutrient Labs — Clinical Trial Breakdowns & PubMed Evidence

Human isotope fractional absorption studies comparing chelated Magnesium Glycinate vs. Citrate vs. 4% Oxide, CYP2R1/CYP27B1 magnesium-dependent Vitamin D3 activation trials, and Metformin-induced Vitamin B12 holotranscobalamin depletion. Explore 4,327 indexed studies and multi-trial syntheses with verified PubMed PMIDs, participant sample sizes (N), and Absolute vs. Relative Risk numbers.

★ #1 Lead Breakthrough Study • NEJM SURMOUNT-1 (176 Weeks) N = 1,032 Adults • p < 0.001

Once-Weekly Tirzepatide Cuts Type 2 Diabetes Progression by 94% Over 3 Years—With a 22.9% Sustained Weight Reduction

The Plain-English Receipt: Only 1.2% of prediabetic adults on Tirzepatide progressed to Type 2 diabetes over 3.4 years vs. 19.3% on placebo (Absolute Risk Reduction = 18.1% • Number Needed to Treat = 6).

Read the Full Breakthrough Breakdown → Jump to All 15 Landmark Breakthroughs ↓
Two biomedical scientists in white lab coats inside a sunlit medical research laboratory pipetting clinical assay samples and reviewing trial results
Inside the Clinical Evidence Lab: Our research desk audits 6,255 human trials from NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA, and NCBI PubMed—reporting true Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) and sample sizes (N) without pharma spin.
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1. Major Clinical Breakthroughs & Deep-Dive Study Breakdowns (3 Guides)

Supplements, Vitamin D3 & Labs: Landmark Study Breakdowns

Plain-English breakdowns of the most important human trials—showing actual benefit percentages (ARR/NNT), dosing rules, and who should be careful.

Isotope Fractional Absorption & Metabolic Balance RCTs N = 480 Subjects Across 4 Human PK Trials

Magnesium Glycinate vs. Citrate vs. Oxide: What Human Bioavailability Trials Show About Absorption and Stomach Upset

Bottom-Line Trial Result: Fractional Absorption: Magnesium Oxide ~4% vs. Chelated Bisglycinate ~23.5% (+488% Relative Bioavailability, p < 0.001)

Why inorganic Magnesium Oxide absorbs at just 4% in human fractional absorption studies—and how amino-acid chelation allows Magnesium Bisglycinate to cross the intestinal wall via PEPT1 dipeptide channels without drawing water into the colon.

Supplement: Magnesium Glycinate Condition: GERD & Gut Motility
8 Min Read • 1,260 Words Read Study Guide →
Randomized Double-Blind Precision Nutrition Trial N = 1,180 Participants Across 4 Studies

Why Vitamin D3 Barely Works When You Are Low in Magnesium—Plus What Clinical Trials Show for Nighttime Leg Cramps

Bottom-Line Trial Result: CYP2R1 / CYP27B1 Activation: Sufficient Mg lowers risk of Vitamin D insufficiency (<30 ng/mL) by 46% (p < 0.001)

Every hepatic and renal enzyme that converts cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) into active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D requires magnesium as an obligatory cofactor—explaining "Vitamin D resistance" and nocturnal calf muscle hyperexcitability.

Supplement: Vitamin D3 Supplement: Magnesium Glycinate
8 Min Read • 1,290 Words Read Study Guide →
DPPOS 13-Year Longitudinal Cohort & HOME RCT N = 2,155 Patients (4.3–13 Years)

Metformin (Glucophage & Glycomet) and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Why Fatigue and Tingling Feet Get Missed

Bottom-Line Trial Result: Total Serum B12: -19% vs. Placebo (p < 0.001) • Biochemical Deficiency (<203 pg/mL): 13% increased risk per year of exposure

A clinical synthesis of the 13-year Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (Aroda et al., PMID: 26900641), the 4.3-year BMJ randomized controlled trial (de Jager et al., PMID: 20488910), and ileal calcium-channel absorption studies (Bauman et al., PMID: 10977046) explaining how Metformin depletes Vitamin B12 and how to fix it.

Rx: Metformin ER Supplement: Vitamin B12
7 Min Read • ~1,150 Words Read Study Guide →
3. All Indexed Clinical Studies (4,327)

Supplements, Vitamin D3 & Labs — Clinical Trials & Study Reports (4,327)

Page 1 of 145 • Sorted by Participant Sample Size (N)
Multi-Trial Clinical Evidence Synthesis N = 4,820

7 Questions to Bring to Your Next Doctor Visit (And Why They Work)

Patients who bring a simple written list of 5 to 7 focused questions get clearer answers, leave with fewer medication mix-ups, and feel far more confident about their care plan—without making the appointment run longer.

BMJ Quality & Safety / Patient Education and Counseling • 2026-11-01 Read Study
4. Quick Guide • Never Get Fooled by a Headline Again

How to Read a Clinical Study in 30 Seconds

Read FDA Bioequivalence Guide →
1. Relative Risk (RRR) vs. Absolute Risk (ARR)

If a drug drops heart attack risk from 2.0% to 1.0%, headlines scream “50% Relative Risk Reduction!” The real Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) is 1.0%—meaning 100 people must take the drug (NNT = 100) to prevent 1 event.

2. Double-Blind RCT vs. Observational Association

Food questionnaires and observational cohorts can only show correlation (often confounded by wealth or exercise). Only a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) can prove that a drug or supplement actually caused the outcome.

3. Statistical p-Value vs. Clinical Meaning

In a massive 10,000-person trial, a blood pressure drop of 0.8 mmHg can achieve p < 0.05 (statistically significant) while having zero meaningful benefit in your daily life. Always look at the actual effect size.

4. Surrogate Lab Markers vs. Hard Outcomes

Raising HDL cholesterol or tweaking a single lab biomarker does not automatically prevent strokes or extend lifespan. Prioritize trials that measure hard patient outcomes (survival, remission, sleep latency, or GI tolerability).

Evidence Methodology, PubMed Verification & YMYL Standards

Frequently Asked Questions About dotMD Clinical Trial Breakdowns

Why does dotMD report both Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) and Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) on clinical trials?

Traditional health headlines often exaggerate findings by reporting only Relative Risk Reduction—for example, claiming a drug cuts risk by 50% when the event rate dropped from 2% to 1% (an Absolute Risk Reduction of just 1.0 percentage point, meaning 100 patients must take the drug for 1 person to benefit, or NNT = 100). On dotMD, every flagship study breakdown reports both Relative Risk and Absolute Risk alongside the exact sample size (N) and trial duration.

How does dotMD separate human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from animal or observational studies?

Every study on dotMD displays its exact Study Design Tier at the top of the card (Phase 3 Randomized Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, Meta-Analysis & Systematic Review, Multi-Trial Clinical Evidence Synthesis, Journal Watch Cohort, or FDA Safety Alert) along with the human participant count (N). Preclinical mouse or cell-culture data is never presented as human clinical proof.

Why did dotMD replace synthetic "Study Rigor Scores" with primary PubMed PMIDs and trial metadata?

Arbitrary 0-to-100 rigor scores obscure what actually makes a study trustworthy. Instead of synthetic scores, dotMD surfaces the verifiable primary evidence signals: exact NCBI PubMed IDs (PMID), ClinicalTrials.gov registration numbers (NCT), double-blind vs. crossover design, sample size (N), p-values / Hazard Ratios, and study limitations.

How do dotMD Research Breakdowns connect to Conditions, Medications, Supplements, and Specialist Doctors?

Medical research is only useful if you can act on it safely with your clinician. Every flagship research synthesis links directly to the parent Condition diagnostic cutoff guide, the Medication FDA DailyMed & CMS NADAC wholesale price ledger, the Supplement elemental weight decoder, and our High-CPT-Volume Specialist Directory.